CrateDB bulk operations: Add support for improved DML efficiency

https://crate.io/docs/crate/reference/en/latest/interfaces/http.html#bulk-operations

- In order to use the bulk operations interface, a `PDOStatement` needs
  to be prepared using the `bulkMode` option, like
  `->prepare($sql, ["bulkMode" => true])`.
- The interface of `BulkResponse` has been made compatible with
  `Collection`, specifically wrt. the `getRows()` method, in order to
  return data from the driver without needing other proprietary methods.
- In order to propagate the non-standard bulk response shape back, the
  user has to select the `PDO::FETCH_NUM` fetch style.
- Documentation: Add two example programs about insert operations

CHANGES.rst

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ Changelog for crate-pdo
 Unreleased
 ==========
 
+- Added support for `CrateDB bulk operations`_, for improved efficiency on
+  DML operations.
+
+.. _CrateDB bulk operations: https://crate.io/docs/crate/reference/en/latest/interfaces/http.html#bulk-operations
+
 2022/11/29 2.1.4
 ================
 

DEVELOP.rst

@@ -48,6 +48,14 @@ If the environment is outdated, you can upgrade it::
 
     composer update
 
+If you see messages like ``Warning: No code coverage driver available`` when running
+the tests, you will need to install the ``xdebug`` extension::
+
+    pecl install xdebug
+
+It may happen that you will have to re-install it, for example after your PHP
+version has been upgraded by your package manager.
+
 
 Running the Tests
 =================
@@ -60,16 +68,26 @@ You can run the tests like::
     # Run test suite
     composer run test
 
-    # Run code style checks
-    composer run style
-
     # Output coverage report as HTML
     composer run -- test --coverage-html ./report
+    open report/index.html
 
     # Run specific tests
     composer run -- test --filter "testFetchColumn"
 
 
+Invoke code style checks
+========================
+
+::
+
+    # Run code style checks
+    composer run check-style
+
+    # Some code style quirks can be automatically fixed
+    composer run fix-style
+
+
 
 ************
 Using Docker
@@ -121,19 +139,6 @@ Running the Tests
     open build/multicover/html/index.html
 
 
-Invoke code style checks
-========================
-
-::
-
-    # Run code style checks
-    composer run check-style
-
-    # Some code style quirks can be automatically fixed
-    composer run fix-style
-
-
-
 ****************************
 Working on the documentation
 ****************************

docs/connect.rst

@@ -221,6 +221,40 @@ method used.
 |                            | ``PDO::FETCH_OBJ``    |
 +----------------------------+-----------------------+
 
+Bulk operations
+===============
+
+With CrateDB :ref:`crate-reference:http-bulk-ops`, suitable for ``INSERT``,
+``UPDATE``, and ``DELETE`` statements, you can submit multiple records, aka.
+batches, to CrateDB within a single operation. By using this way of communication,
+both the client and the server will not waste resources on building and decoding
+huge SQL statements, and data will also propagate more efficiently between CrateDB
+cluster nodes.
+
+To use this mode, the ``PDOStatement`` offers a corresponding ``bulkMode`` option.
+When creating a statement instance with it, the ``$parameters`` data will be
+obtained as a **list of records**, like demonstrated in the example below.
+
+Please note that you **must** use ``PDO::FETCH_NUM`` on the fetch operation,
+because the response object type ``BulkResponse`` is different than the regular
+response type ``Collection``.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    // Run insert operation.
+    $parameters = [[5, 'foo', 1], [6, 'bar', 2], [7, 'foo', 3], [8, 'bar', 4]];
+    $statement = $connection->prepare(
+        'INSERT INTO test_table (id, name, int_type) VALUES (?, ?, ?)',
+        array("bulkMode" => true));
+    $statement->execute($parameters);
+
+    // Evaluate response.
+    // MUST use `PDO::FETCH_NUM` for returning bulk operation responses.
+    print("Total count: {$statement->rowCount()}\n");
+    $response = $statement->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);
+    print_r($response);
+
+
 Next steps
 ==========
 

examples/insert_basic.php

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+/*
+ * Basic example demonstrating how to connect to CrateDB using PHP PDO.
+ *
+ * Prerequisites:
+ * 
+ *  docker run --rm -it --publish=4200:4200 crate
+ *
+ * Synopsis:
+ *
+ *  php examples/insert_basic.php
+ */
+include("./vendor/autoload.php");
+
+error_reporting(E_ALL ^ E_DEPRECATED);
+
+// Connect to CrateDB.
+use Crate\PDO\PDO;
+$connection = new PDO("crate:localhost:4200", "crate");
+
+// Create database table.
+$connection->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test_table;");
+$connection->exec("CREATE TABLE test_table (id INTEGER, name STRING, int_type INTEGER);");
+
+// Run insert operation.
+$statement = $connection->prepare('INSERT INTO test_table (id, name, int_type) VALUES (?, ?, ?)');
+$statement->execute([5, 'foo', 1]);
+$statement->execute([6, 'bar', 2]);
+
+// Evaluate response.
+print("Total count: {$statement->rowCount()}\n");
+$response = $statement->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);
+print_r($response);
+
+// Disconnect from database.
+// https://www.php.net/manual/en/pdo.connections.php
+// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18277233/pdo-closing-connection
+$statement = null;
+$connection = null;

examples/insert_bulk.php

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?php
+/*
+ * Example demonstrating how to use CrateDB's bulk operations interface for
+ * inserting large amounts of data efficiently, using PHP PDO.
+ *
+ * Prerequisites:
+ * 
+ *  docker run --rm -it --publish=4200:4200 crate
+ *
+ * Synopsis:
+ *
+ *  php examples/insert_bulk.php
+ */
+include("./vendor/autoload.php");
+
+error_reporting(E_ALL ^ E_DEPRECATED);
+
+// Connect to CrateDB.
+use Crate\PDO\PDO;
+$connection = new PDO("crate:localhost:4200", "crate");
+
+// Create database table.
+$connection->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test_table;");
+$connection->exec("CREATE TABLE test_table (id INTEGER, name STRING, int_type INTEGER);");
+
+// Run insert operation.
+$parameters = [[5, 'foo', 1], [6, 'bar', 2], [7, 'foo', 3], [8, 'bar', 4]];
+$statement = $connection->prepare(
+    'INSERT INTO test_table (id, name, int_type) VALUES (?, ?, ?)',
+    array("bulkMode" => true));
+$statement->execute($parameters);
+
+// Evaluate response.
+// MUST use `PDO::FETCH_NUM` for returning bulk operation responses.
+print("Total count: {$statement->rowCount()}\n");
+$response = $statement->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);
+print_r($response);
+
+// Disconnect from database.
+// https://www.php.net/manual/en/pdo.connections.php
+// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18277233/pdo-closing-connection
+$statement = null;
+$connection = null;

src/Crate/PDO/Http/ServerInterface.php

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 namespace Crate\PDO\Http;
 
 use Crate\PDO\PDOInterface;
+use Crate\Stdlib\BulkResponseInterface;
 use Crate\Stdlib\CollectionInterface;
 
 interface ServerInterface
@@ -51,6 +52,21 @@ public function configure(PDOInterface $PDO): void;
      */
     public function execute(string $queryString, array $parameters): CollectionInterface;
 
+    /**
+     * Execute the PDOStatement in "bulk operations" and return the response from server
+     * wrapped inside a BulkResponseInterface.
+     *
+     * Bulk operations are only supported for `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE` statements.
+     *
+     * https://crate.io/docs/crate/reference/en/latest/interfaces/http.html#bulk-operations
+     *
+     * @param string $queryString
+     * @param array  $parameters
+     *
+     * @return BulkResponseInterface
+     */
+    public function executeBulk(string $queryString, array $parameters): BulkResponseInterface;
+
     /**
      * @return array
      */

src/Crate/PDO/Http/ServerPool.php

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 use Crate\PDO\Exception\RuntimeException;
 use Crate\PDO\PDO;
 use Crate\PDO\PDOInterface;
+use Crate\Stdlib\BulkResponse;
+use Crate\Stdlib\BulkResponseInterface;
 use Crate\Stdlib\Collection;
 use Crate\Stdlib\CollectionInterface;
 use GuzzleHttp\Client;
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ final class ServerPool implements ServerInterface
     /**
      * Client constructor.
      *
-     * @param array                $servers
+     * @param array $servers
      * @param ClientInterface|null $client
      */
     public function __construct(array $servers, ClientInterface $client = null)
@@ -91,6 +93,24 @@ public function __construct(array $servers, ClientInterface $client = null)
      * @throws \GuzzleHttp\Exception\ConnectException
      */
     public function execute(string $query, array $parameters): CollectionInterface
+    {
+        return $this->executeGeneric($query, $parameters, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@Inheritdoc}
+     * @throws \GuzzleHttp\Exception\ConnectException
+     */
+    public function executeBulk(string $query, array $parameters): BulkResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->executeGeneric($query, $parameters, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@Inheritdoc}
+     * @throws \GuzzleHttp\Exception\ConnectException
+     */
+    private function executeGeneric(string $query, array $parameters, bool $bulk_mode = false)
     {
         $numServers = count($this->availableServers) - 1;
 
@@ -101,24 +121,8 @@ public function execute(string $query, array $parameters): CollectionInterface
             // Move the selected server to the end of the stack
             $this->availableServers[] = array_shift($this->availableServers);
 
-            $options = array_merge($this->httpOptions, [
-                'base_uri' => sprintf('%s://%s', $this->protocol, $server),
-                'json'     => [
-                    'stmt' => $query,
-                    'args' => $parameters,
-                ],
-            ]);
-
             try {
-                $response     = $this->httpClient->request('POST', '/_sql', $options);
-                $responseBody = json_decode((string)$response->getBody(), true);
-
-                return new Collection(
-                    $responseBody['rows'],
-                    $responseBody['cols'],
-                    $responseBody['duration'],
-                    $responseBody['rowcount']
-                );
+                return $this->sendRequest($server, $query, $parameters, $bulk_mode);
             } catch (ConnectException $exception) {
                 // Catch it before the BadResponseException but do nothing.
                 continue;
@@ -130,7 +134,7 @@ public function execute(string $query, array $parameters): CollectionInterface
                     throw new RuntimeException(sprintf('Server returned non-JSON response: %s', $body), 0, $exception);
                 }
 
-                $errorCode    = $json['error']['code'];
+                $errorCode = $json['error']['code'];
                 $errorMessage = $json['error']['message'];
 
                 throw new RuntimeException($errorMessage, $errorCode, $exception);
@@ -144,6 +148,39 @@ public function execute(string $query, array $parameters): CollectionInterface
         );
     }
 
+    private function sendRequest(string $server, string $query, array $parameters, bool $bulk_mode = false)
+    {
+        $args_name = 'args';
+        if ($bulk_mode) {
+            $args_name = 'bulk_args';
+        }
+        $options = array_merge($this->httpOptions, [
+            'base_uri' => sprintf('%s://%s', $this->protocol, $server),
+            'json'     => [
+                'stmt' => $query,
+                $args_name => $parameters,
+            ],
+        ]);
+
+        $response     = $this->httpClient->request('POST', '/_sql', $options);
+        $responseBody = json_decode((string)$response->getBody(), true);
+
+        if ($bulk_mode) {
+            return new BulkResponse(
+                $responseBody['results'],
+                $responseBody['cols'],
+                $responseBody['duration']
+            );
+        } else {
+            return new Collection(
+                $responseBody['rows'],
+                $responseBody['cols'],
+                $responseBody['duration'],
+                $responseBody['rowcount']
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * {@Inheritdoc}
      */

src/Crate/PDO/PDO.php

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ class PDO extends BasePDO implements PDOInterface
         'timeout'          => 0.0,
         'auth'             => [],
         'defaultSchema'    => 'doc',
+        'bulkMode'         => false,
     ];
 
     /**
@@ -125,7 +126,11 @@ public function __construct($dsn, $username = null, $passwd = null, $options = [
             $this->lastStatement = $statement;
 
             try {
-                return $this->server->execute($sql, $parameters);
+                if ($statement->isBulkMode()) {
+                    return $this->server->executeBulk($sql, $parameters);
+                } else {
+                    return $this->server->execute($sql, $parameters);
+                }
             } catch (Exception\RuntimeException $e) {
                 if ($this->getAttribute(self::ATTR_ERRMODE) === self::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION) {
                     throw new Exception\PDOException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode());