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master_exercises_read_only/01_welcome/README.md

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+Welcome to clings!
+
+clings is an interactive course to help you learn C entirely through the terminal and your text editor.
+
+Each exercise will due to 1 or both of the following reasons:
+1. A compilation error
+2. A runtime error
+
+For each exercise, your mission is simple: fix the errors you encounter.
+
+Once all errors have been fixed, the program will automatically move you to the next exercise.
+
+Good luck and have fun!

master_exercises_read_only/01_welcome/hello_world.c

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+// Welcome to clings!
+// This first exercise is just to show you how things work.
+// 
+// There are two ways an exercise could be failing: 
+// 1. Compilation Error
+// 2. Runtime Error
+//
+// Your goal is to complete an exercise and get it to both compile and also to run with no errors
+// while following the directions of the exercise. 
+//
+// Once there are no errors and you're ready to move on, delete the "I AM NOT DONE" line.
+
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char msg[] = "\033[1;32m"
+             "      _ _                 \n"
+             "     | (_)                \n"
+             "  ___| |_ _ __   __ _ ___ \n"
+             " / __| | | '_ \\ / _` / __|\n"
+             "| (__| | | | | | (_| \\__ \\\n"
+             " \\___|_|_|_| |_|\\__, |___/\n"
+             "                 __/ |    \n"
+             "                |___/     \n"
+             "\033[0m";
+
+    printf("%s\n", msg);
+
+    // Missing something here? What does the compiler say?
+    printf("Welcome to clings! \n")
+
+    // This is a segmentation fault
+    // It's added to demonstrate a runtime failure
+    // For now, just delete these lines to see a successful exercise completion
+    int *ptr = NULL;
+    *ptr = 42;
+
+    return 0;
+}

master_exercises_read_only/02_variables/README.md

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+For more information please refer to Chapter 1.2 of "The C Programming Language".

master_exercises_read_only/02_variables/variables_01.c

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+/* 
+ * Variables in C must be declared before they are used. Typically you will see them declared at the top of a function.
+ *
+ * Take a look at the program below and figure out what primitive datatype each variable should be and assign them accordingly.
+*/
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+int main() {
+	x = 10;
+	y = 1.0;
+	z = 'A';
+
+	return 0;
+}

master_exercises_read_only/02_variables/variables_02.c

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+/* 
+ * Arithmetic in C is pretty straightforward, though there are some gotchas. 
+ *
+ * If you use integers for division for example, you may lose precision in the output.
+ *
+ * The program below is using integers and is thus failing the assertion for a certain level of precision. 
+ *
+ * Make changes to the program so that precision is not lost.
+*/
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#define EPSILON 0.000001
+
+int main() {
+	int x = 100.0;
+	int y = 9.0;
+	int z = x / y;
+
+	// DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+	assert(fabs(z - 11.111111) < EPSILON);
+	return 0;
+}

master_exercises_read_only/02_variables/variables_03.c

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+/* 
+ * So what is a practical application of all of this? 
+ *
+ * How about a program to convert from Fahrenheit to Celcius.
+ *
+ * The program below is not accurate enough, how can we fix that?
+*/
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#define EPSILON 0.000001
+
+int main() {
+	int fahrenheit = 100;
+	int celcius = (5 / 9) * (fahrenheit - 32);
+
+	// DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+	assert(fabs(celcius - 37.777779) < EPSILON);
+	return 0;
+}

master_exercises_read_only/03_for_statement/README.md

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+For more information please refer to Chapter 1.3 of "The C Programming Language".

master_exercises_read_only/03_for_statement/for_statement_01.c

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+/** LEARNING
+ * Your goal is to understand how the for statement works.
+ *
+ * The for statement has the following syntax:
+ *
+ * for (initialization; condition; increment) {
+ *		statement;
+ * 	 	statement;
+ * 	 	...
+ * }
+ *
+ * The for statement is equivalent to the following while statement:
+ *
+ * initialization;
+ * while (condition) {
+ *		statement;
+ * 		statement;
+ * 		...
+ *		increment;
+ *	}
+ */
+
+/** EXERCISE
+ * Your job is to write a for statement equivalent to the following 
+ * while statement:
+ *
+ * i = 0; // initialization
+ * while (i < 10) { // condition
+ *	printf("%d\n", i);
+ *	verify_count(&count, i);
+ *	i++; // increment
+ * }
+ */
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+// DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+static int track = 0, count = 0;
+
+// DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+void verify_count (int *count, int i) {
+	assert(i == track++);
+	(*count)++;
+}
+
+int main() {
+	int i = rand() % 100 + 11; // DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+
+	// YOUR CODE HERE
+	for (initialization; condition; increment) {
+	// END YOUR CODE
+		printf("%d\n", i);
+		verify_count(&count, i); // DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+	}
+
+	// BONUS: print the value of i here and try to understand why it's 10
+
+	// DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+	assert (count == 10);
+	return 0;
+}
+

master_exercises_read_only/03_for_statement/for_statement_02.c

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+/*
+ * The provided program generates a table of 
+ * temperatures in Fahrenheit and their corresponding 
+ * Celsius equivalents, increasing in steps of 20 degrees from 
+ * 0°F to 300°F. The Celsius temperature is calculated directly 
+ * within the printf statement using a for loop.
+ *
+ * Modify the provided temperature conversion 
+ * C program to print the Fahrenheit to Celsius c
+ * onversion table in reverse order, 
+ * from 0 degrees Fahrenheit up to 300 degrees.
+*/
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#define TRACK 320
+
+static int track = 0;
+
+// DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+void verify_count (int i) {
+	assert(i == track);
+	track += 20;
+}
+
+int main() {
+	// YOUR CODE HERE
+	for (int fahr = 300; fahr >= 0; fahr -= 20) {
+	// END YOUR CODE
+		printf("%3d %6.1f\n", fahr, (5.0 / 9.0) * (fahr - 32));
+
+		verify_count(fahr); // DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+	}
+
+	// BONUS: print the value of track here 
+	// and try to understand why it's 320
+
+	// DO NOT CHANGE THIS
+	assert (track == TRACK);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+

master_exercises_read_only/04_symbolic_constants/README.md

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+For more information please refer to Chapter 1.3 of "The C Programming Language".
+

master_exercises_read_only/04_symbolic_constants/symbolic_constants_01.c

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+/*
+ * In programming, hardcoding numbers directly into your code 
+ * (often referred to as "magic numbers") can make the code less 
+ * understandable and harder to maintain.
+ *
+ * Using symbolic constants can help alleviate these issues by 
+ * providing meaningful names for these numbers.
+ * 
+ * Below is a simple C program that prints a Fahrenheit-to-Celsius 
+ * conversion table. The program currently uses magic numbers. 
+ * Your task is to refactor this program to use symbolic constants.
+ *
+ * Example macro definition:
+ * #define PI 3.14159
+ *
+ * Example usage:
+ * double circumference = 2 * PI * radius;
+*/
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+// [TODO] DEFINE CONSTANTS LOWER, UPPER, AND STEP WITH APPROPRIATE VALUES.
+#define LOWER // lower limit of the table
+#define UPPER // upper limit of the table
+#define STEP  // step size between consecutive temperatures
+// END OF THE CONSTANTS
+
+int main() {
+	int fahr;
+
+	// [TODO] REPLACE THE MAGIC NUMBERS WITH THE SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS.
+	for (fahr = 0; fahr <= 300; fahr += 20) {
+	// END OF THE REPLACEMENT
+		printf("%3d %6.1f\n", fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+

master_exercises_read_only/15_variable_names/README.md

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+For more information please refer to Chapter 2.1 of "The C Programming Language".

master_exercises_read_only/15_variable_names/variable_names_01.c

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+/*
+ * Variable naming seems pretty simple however there are some gotchas. 
+ *
+ * The primary gotchas are: "reserved words" and "illegal characters".
+ *
+ * Take a look at the below exercise and identify the variables that are 
+ * causing the compilation error.
+*/
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+int main() {
+  // [TODO] Identify the variable(s) that is causing the compilation error. 
+  char foo1 = 'a';
+  float float = 1.0;
+  int bar = 1;
+  char 1baz = 'a';
+
+	return 0;
+}
+

master_exercises_read_only/16_data_types/README.md

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+# Data types
+
+For more information please refer to Chapter 2.2 of "The C Programming Language".

master_exercises_read_only/16_data_types/data_type_01.c

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+/*
+ * In this exercise, you will practice understanding data types and sizes in C.
+ * The basic data types in C include `char`, `int`, `float`, and `double`.
+ * You can also apply qualifiers like `short`, `long`, `signed`, and `unsigned` to these types,
+ * which affect their size and behavior. Understanding how these types and qualifiers
+ * work at a binary level is crucial for robust C programming.
+ *
+ * The provided file will not compile or run correctly until
+ * the user fixes the mistakes.
+ * (You can only delete/edit lines with // <-- Fix this line)
+*/
+
+// ❌ I AM NOT DONE
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+ // Note: Carefully observe the output to understand the underlying behavior caused by type limits and conversions.
+ // |char| <= |short| <= |int| <= |long| <= |long long|
+
+int main() {
+    unsigned int negativeAsUnsigned = -5; // <-- Fix this kind of misuse
+
+    long long veryLargeNumber = 9223372036854775807;
+    printf("Maximum long long value: %l\n", veryLargeNumber); // <-- Fix this line
+
+    printf("Range of unsigned long long: 0 to %llu\n", ); // <-- Fix this line (use symbolic constant limits.h)
+    printf("Range of signed long long: %lld to %lld\n", ); // <-- Fix this line (use symbolic constant)
+    printf("Range of unsigned char: %d to %d\n", ); // <-- Fix this line (Write a number)
+    printf("Range of signed char: %d to %d\n", ); // <-- Fix this line (write a number)
+
+    double floatingPointNumber = 0.999999;
+    int integerRepresentation = floatingPointButNotReally; // <-- Fix this line (use floatingPointNumber)
+    printf("Double to int casting result: %d\n", integerRepresentation);
+
+	bool understand = false;
+	unsigned int plus_one = 1;
+	int minus_one = -1;
+
+	if(plus_one > minus_one) { // <-- Fix this line
+		understand = true;
+	} 
+	assert(understand);
+
+	return 0;
+}

master_exercises_read_only/17_constants/README.md

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+# Constants
+
+For more information please refer to Chapter 2.1 of "The C Programming Language".