Use type annotated model class

greybook/core/extensions.py

@@ -6,9 +6,24 @@
 from flask_migrate import Migrate
 from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
 from flask_wtf import CSRFProtect
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+
+class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+    metadata = MetaData(
+        naming_convention={
+            'ix': 'ix_%(column_0_label)s',
+            'uq': 'uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s',
+            'ck': 'ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s',
+            'fk': 'fk_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s_%(referred_table_name)s',
+            'pk': 'pk_%(table_name)s',
+        }
+    )
+
 
 bootstrap = Bootstrap5()
-db = SQLAlchemy()
+db = SQLAlchemy(model_class=Base)
 login_manager = LoginManager()
 csrf = CSRFProtect()
 ckeditor = CKEditor()

greybook/fakes.py

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ def fake_admin():
         blog_title='Greybook',
         blog_sub_title='Just some random thoughts',
         name='Grey Li',
-        about='Hello, I am Grey Li. This is an example '
-        'Flask project for <a href="https://helloflask.com/book/4/">my book</a>.',
+        about='This is an example Flask project for <a href="https://helloflask.com/book/4/">this book</a>.',
     )
     db.session.add(admin)
     db.session.commit()
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ def fake_categories(count=10):
 
 def fake_posts(count=50):
     for _ in range(count):
-        category_count = db.session.execute(select(func.count(Category.id))).scalars().one()
+        category_count = db.session.scalars(select(func.count(Category.id))).one()
         created_date = fake.date_time_between_dates(
             datetime_start=datetime(2010, 1, 1), datetime_end=datetime(2020, 1, 1)
         )
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ def fake_posts(count=50):
 
 def fake_comments(count=500):
     for _ in range(count):
-        post_count = db.session.execute(select(func.count(Post.id))).scalars().one()
+        post_count = db.session.scalars(select(func.count(Post.id))).one()
         comment = Comment(
             author=fake.name(),
             email=fake.email(),
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ def fake_comments(count=500):
 
 def fake_replies(count=50):
     for _ in range(count):
-        comment_count = db.session.execute(select(func.count(Comment.id))).scalars().one()
+        comment_count = db.session.scalars(select(func.count(Comment.id))).one()
         replied = db.session.get(Comment, random.randint(1, comment_count))
         comment = Comment(
             author=fake.name(),

greybook/models.py

@@ -1,27 +1,33 @@
 import os
 import re
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import Optional
 
 from flask import current_app, url_for
 from flask_login import UserMixin
-from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, DateTime, ForeignKey, Integer, String, Text
-from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey, String, Text
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
 from werkzeug.security import check_password_hash, generate_password_hash
 
 from greybook.core.extensions import db
 
 
 class Admin(db.Model, UserMixin):
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    username = Column(String(20))
-    password_hash = Column(String(128))
-    blog_title = Column(String(60))
-    blog_sub_title = Column(String(100))
-    name = Column(String(30))
-    about = Column(Text)
-    custom_footer = Column(Text)
-    custom_css = Column(Text)
-    custom_js = Column(Text)
+    __tablename__ = 'admin'
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    username: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(20))
+    password_hash: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(128))
+    blog_title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(60))
+    blog_sub_title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100))
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(30))
+    about: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text)
+    custom_footer: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(Text)
+    custom_css: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(Text)
+    custom_js: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(Text)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<Admin: {self.username}>'
 
     @property
     def password(self):
@@ -36,10 +42,15 @@ def validate_password(self, password):
 
 
 class Category(db.Model):
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    name = Column(String(30), unique=True)
+    __tablename__ = 'category'
 
-    posts = relationship('Post', back_populates='category')
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(30), unique=True)
+
+    posts: Mapped[list['Post']] = relationship(back_populates='category')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<Category {self.id}: {self.name}>'
 
     def delete(self):
         default_category = db.session.get(Category, 1)
@@ -51,17 +62,22 @@ def delete(self):
 
 
 class Post(db.Model):
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    title = Column(String(60))
-    body = Column(Text)
-    created_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow, index=True)
-    updated_at = Column(DateTime, onupdate=datetime.utcnow)
-    can_comment = Column(Boolean, default=True)
+    __tablename__ = 'post'
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(60))
+    body: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text)
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(default=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc), index=True)
+    updated_at: Mapped[Optional[datetime]] = mapped_column(onupdate=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
+    can_comment: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=True)
 
-    category_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('category.id'))
+    category_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey('category.id'))
 
-    category = relationship('Category', back_populates='posts')
-    comments = relationship('Comment', back_populates='post', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
+    category: Mapped['Category'] = relationship(back_populates='posts')
+    comments: Mapped[list['Comment']] = relationship(back_populates='post', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<Post {self.id}: {self.title}>'
 
     @property
     def reviewed_comments_count(self):
@@ -80,27 +96,34 @@ def delete(self):
 
 
 class Comment(db.Model):
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    author = Column(String(30))
-    email = Column(String(254))
-    site = Column(String(255))
-    body = Column(Text)
-    from_admin = Column(Boolean, default=False)
-    reviewed = Column(Boolean, default=False)
-    created_at = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow, index=True)
-
-    replied_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('comment.id'))
-    post_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('post.id'))
-
-    post = relationship('Post', back_populates='comments')
-    replies = relationship('Comment', back_populates='replied', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
-    replied = relationship('Comment', back_populates='replies', remote_side=[id])
-    # Same with:
-    # replies = relationship('Comment', backref=backref('replied', remote_side=[id]),
-    # cascade='all,delete-orphan')
+    __tablename__ = 'comment'
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    author: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(30))
+    email: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
+    site: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
+    body: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text)
+    from_admin: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=False)
+    reviewed: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=False)
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(default=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc), index=True)
+
+    replied_id: Mapped[Optional[int]] = mapped_column(ForeignKey('comment.id'))
+    post_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey('post.id'))
+
+    post: Mapped['Post'] = relationship(back_populates='comments')
+    replies: Mapped[list['Comment']] = relationship(back_populates='replied', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
+    replied: Mapped['Comment'] = relationship(back_populates='replies', remote_side=[id])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<Comment {self.id}: {self.author}>'
 
 
 class Link(db.Model):
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    name = Column(String(30))
-    url = Column(String(255))
+    __tablename__ = 'link'
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(30))
+    url: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<Link {self.id}: {self.name}>'

greybook/settings.py

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
-basedir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
 
 # SQLite URI compatible
-prefix = 'sqlite:///' if sys.platform.startswith('win') else 'sqlite:////'
+SQLITE_PREFIX = 'sqlite:///' if sys.platform.startswith('win') else 'sqlite:////'
 
 
 class BaseConfig:
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ class BaseConfig:
     GREYBOOK_THEMES = {'default': 'Default', 'perfect_blue': 'Perfect Blue'}
     GREYBOOK_SLOW_QUERY_THRESHOLD = 1
 
-    GREYBOOK_UPLOAD_PATH = os.getenv('GREYBOOK_UPLOAD_PATH', basedir / 'uploads')
+    GREYBOOK_UPLOAD_PATH = os.getenv('GREYBOOK_UPLOAD_PATH', BASE_DIR / 'uploads')
     GREYBOOK_ALLOWED_IMAGE_EXTENSIONS = ['png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'gif']
-    GREYBOOK_LOGGING_PATH = os.getenv('GREYBOOK_LOGGING_PATH', basedir / 'logs/greybook.log')
+    GREYBOOK_LOGGING_PATH = os.getenv('GREYBOOK_LOGGING_PATH', BASE_DIR / 'logs/greybook.log')
     GREYBOOK_ERROR_EMAIL_SUBJECT = '[Greybook] Application Error'
 
 
 class DevelopmentConfig(BaseConfig):
-    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = prefix + str(basedir / 'data-dev.db')
+    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = SQLITE_PREFIX + str(BASE_DIR / 'data-dev.db')
 
 
 class TestingConfig(BaseConfig):
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TestingConfig(BaseConfig):
 
 
 class ProductionConfig(BaseConfig):
-    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = os.getenv('DATABASE_URL', prefix + str(basedir / 'data.db'))
+    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = os.getenv('DATABASE_URL', SQLITE_PREFIX + str(BASE_DIR / 'data.db'))
 
 
 config = {'development': DevelopmentConfig, 'testing': TestingConfig, 'production': ProductionConfig}