Devise is a flexible authentication solution for Rails based on Warden. It:
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Is Rack based;
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Is a complete MVC solution based on Rails engines;
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Allows you to have multiple roles (or models/scopes) signed in at the same time;
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Is based on a modularity concept: use just what you really need.
Right now it’s composed of 11 modules:
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Database Authenticatable: encrypts and stores a password in the database to validate the authenticity of an user while signing in. The authentication can be done both through POST requests or HTTP Basic Authentication.
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Token Authenticatable: signs in an user based on an authentication token (also known as “single access token”). The token can be given both through query string or HTTP Basic Authentication.
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Confirmable: sends emails with confirmation instructions and verifies whether an account is already confirmed during sign in.
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Recoverable: resets the user password and sends reset instructions.
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Registerable: handles signing up users through a registration process, also allowing them to edit and destroy their account.
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Rememberable: manages generating and clearing a token for remembering the user from a saved cookie.
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Trackable: tracks sign in count, timestamps and IP address.
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Timeoutable: expires sessions that have no activity in a specified period of time.
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Validatable: provides validations of email and password. It’s optional and can be customized, so you’re able to define your own validations.
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Lockable: locks an account after a specified number of failed sign-in attempts. Can unlock via email or after a specified time period.
Devise 1.1 supports Rails 3 and is NOT backward compatible. You can use the latest Rails 3 beta gem with Devise latest gem:
gem install devise --version=1.1.rc2
If you want to use Rails master (from git repository) you need to use Devise from git repository and vice-versa.
After you install Devise and add it to your Gemfile, you need to run the generator:
rails generate devise:install
The generator will install an initializer which describes ALL Devise’s configuration options and you MUST take a look at it. When you are done, you are ready to add Devise to any of your models using the generator:
rails generate devise MODEL
Replace MODEL by the class name you want to add devise, like User, Admin, etc. This will create a model (if one does not exist) and configure it with default Devise modules. The generator will also create a migration file (if your ORM support them) and configure your routes. Continue reading this file to understand exactly what the generator produces and how to use it.
If you want to use the Rails 2.3.x version, you should do:
gem install devise --version=1.0.8
And please check the README at the v1.0 branch since this one is based on Rails 3:
http://github.com/plataformatec/devise/tree/v1.0
Devise ecosystem is growing solid day after day. If you just need a walkthrough about setting up Devise, this README will work great. But if you need more documentation and resources, please check both the wiki and rdoc:
Both links above are for Devise with Rails 3. If you need to use Devise with Rails 2.3, you can always run ‘gem server` from the command line after you install the gem to access the old documentation.
Another great way to learn Devise are Ryan Bates’ screencasts:
And a few example applications:
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Rails 2.3 app using Devise at github.com/plataformatec/devise_example
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Rails 2.3 app using Devise with subdomains at github.com/fortuity/subdomain-authentication
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Rails 3.0 app with Mongoid at github.com/fortuity/rails3-mongoid-devise
Finally, Devise also has several extensions built by the community. Don’t forget to check them at the end of this README. If you want to write an extension on your own, you should also check Warden (github.com/hassox/warden), a Rack Authentication Framework which Devise depends on.
This is a walkthrough with all steps you need to setup a devise resource, including model, migration, route files, and optional configuration.
Devise must be set up within the model (or models) you want to use. Devise routes must be created inside your config/routes.rb file.
We’re assuming here you want a User model with some Devise modules, as outlined below:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base devise :database_authenticatable, :confirmable, :recoverable, :rememberable, :trackable, :validatable end
After you choose which modules to use, you need to set up your migrations. Luckily, Devise has some helpers to save you from this boring work:
create_table :users do |t| t.database_authenticatable t.confirmable t.recoverable t.rememberable t.trackable t.timestamps end
Devise doesn’t use attr_accessible or attr_protected inside its modules, so be sure to define attributes as accessible or protected in your model.
Configure your routes after setting up your model. Open your config/routes.rb file and add:
devise_for :users
This will use your User model to create a set of needed routes (you can see them by running ‘rake routes`).
Options for configuring your routes include :class_name (to set the class for that route), :path_prefix, :path and :path_names, where the last two have the same meaning as in common routes. The available :path_names are:
devise_for :users, :path => "usuarios", :path_names => { :sign_in => 'login', :sign_out => 'logout', :password => 'secret', :confirmation => 'verification', :unlock => 'unblock', :registration => 'register', :sign_up => 'cmon_let_me_in' }
Be sure to check devise_for documentation for details.
This exactly what the devise generator produces for you: model, routes and migrations. Don’t forget to run rake db:migrate and you are ready to go! But don’t stop reading here, we still have a lot to tell you.
Devise will create some helpers to use inside your controllers and views. To set up a controller with user authentication, just add this before_filter:
before_filter :authenticate_user!
To verify if a user is signed in, use the following helper:
user_signed_in?
For the current signed-in user, this helper is available:
current_user
You can access the session for this scope:
user_session
After signing in a user, confirming the account or updating the password, Devise will look for a scoped root path to redirect. Example: For a :user resource, it will use user_root_path if it exists, otherwise default root_path will be used. This means that you need to set the root inside your routes:
root :to => "home"
You can also overwrite after_sign_in_path_for and after_sign_out_path_for to customize your redirect hooks.
Finally, you need to set up default url options for the mailer in each environment. Here is the configuration for config/environments/development.rb:
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { :host => 'localhost:3000' }
Devise allows you to set up as many roles as you want. For example, you may have a User model and also want an Admin model with just authentication, trackable, lockable and timeoutable features and no confirmation or password-recovery features. Just follow these steps:
# Create a migration with the required fields create_table :admins do |t| t.database_authenticatable t.lockable t.trackable t.timestamps end # Inside your Admin model devise :database_authenticatable, :trackable, :timeoutable, :lockable # Inside your routes devise_for :admins # Inside your protected controller before_filter :authenticate_admin! # Inside your controllers and views admin_signed_in? current_admin admin_session
The devise method in your models also accepts some options to configure its modules. For example, you can choose which encryptor to use in database_authenticatable:
devise :database_authenticatable, :confirmable, :recoverable, :encryptor => :bcrypt
Besides :encryptor, you can define :pepper, :stretches, :confirm_within, :remember_for, :timeout_in, :unlock_in and other values. For details, see the initializer file that was created when you invoked the “devise:install” generator described above.
We built Devise to help you quickly develop an application that uses authentication. However, we don’t want to be in your way when you need to customize it.
Since Devise is an engine, all its views are packaged inside the gem. These views will help you get started, but after sometime you may want to change them. If this is the case, you just need to invoke the following generator, and it will copy all views to your application:
rails generate devise:views
However, if you have more than one role in your application (such as “User” and “Admin”), you will notice that Devise uses the same views for all roles. Fortunately, Devise offers an easy way to customize views. All you need to do is set “config.scoped_views = true” inside “config/initializers/devise.rb”.
After doing so, you will be able to have views based on the role like “users/sessions/new” and “admins/sessions/new”. If no view is found within the scope, Devise will use the default view at “devise/sessions/new”.
If the customization at the views level is not enough, you can customize each controller by following these steps:
1) Create your custom controller, for example a Admins::SessionsController:
class Admins::SessionsController < Devise::SessionsController end
2) Tell the router to use this controller:
devise_for :admins, :controllers => { :sessions => "admin/sessions" }
3) And since we changed the controller, it won’t use the “devise/sessions” views, so remember to copy “devise/sessions” to “admin/sessions”.
Remember that Devise uses flash messages to let users know if sign in was successful or failed. Devise expects your application to call “flash” and “flash” as appropriate.
Devise uses flash messages with I18n with the flash keys :success and :failure. To customize your app, you can set up your locale file:
en:
devise:
sessions:
signed_in: 'Signed in successfully.'
You can also create distinct messages based on the resource you’ve configured using the singular name given in routes:
en:
devise:
sessions:
user:
signed_in: 'Welcome user, you are signed in.'
admin:
signed_in: 'Hello admin!'
The Devise mailer uses the same pattern to create subject messages:
en:
devise:
mailer:
confirmation_instructions: 'Hello everybody!'
user:
confirmation_instructions: 'Hello User! Please confirm your email'
reset_password_instructions: 'Reset instructions'
Take a look at our locale file to check all available messages.
Devise includes some tests helpers for functional specs. To use them, you just need to include Devise::TestHelpers in your test class and use the sign_in and sign_out method. Such methods have the same signature as in controllers:
sign_in :user, @user # sign_in(scope, resource) sign_in @user # sign_in(resource) sign_out :user # sign_out(scope) sign_out @user # sign_out(resource)
You can include the Devise Test Helpers in all of your tests by adding the following to the bottom of your test/test_helper.rb or spec/spec_helper.rb file:
class ActionController::TestCase include Devise::TestHelpers end
Do not use such helpers for integration tests such as Cucumber or Webrat. Instead, fill in the form or explicitly set the user in session. For more tips, check the wiki (wiki.github.com/plataformatec/devise).
Devise implements encryption strategies for Clearance, Authlogic and Restful-Authentication. To make use of these strategies, set the desired encryptor in the encryptor initializer config option. You might also need to rename your encrypted password and salt columns to match Devise’s fields (encrypted_password and password_salt).
Devise supports ActiveRecord (by default) and Mongoid. We offer experimental Datamapper support (with the limitation that the Devise test suite does not run completely with Datamapper). To choose other ORM, you just need to configure it in the initializer file.
Devise also has extensions created by the community:
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github.com/scambra/devise_invitable adds support to Devise for sending invitations by email.
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github.com/grimen/devise_facebook_connectable adds support for Facebook Connect authentication, and optionally fetching user info from Facebook in the same step.
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github.com/joshk/devise_imapable adds support for imap based authentication, excellent for internal apps when an LDAP server isn’t available.
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github.com/cschiewek/devise_ldap_authenticatable adds support for LDAP authentication via simple bind.
Please consult their respective documentation for more information and requirements.
Please refer to TODO file.
Needless to say, security is extremely important to Devise. If you find yourself in a possible security issue with Devise, please go through the following steps, trying to reproduce the bug:
1) Look at the source code a bit to find out whether your assumptions are correct; 2) If possible, provide a way to reproduce the bug: a small app on Github or a step-by-step to reproduce; 3) E-mail us or send a Github private message instead of using the normal issues;
Being able to reproduce the bug is the first step to fix it. Thanks for your understanding.
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José Valim (github.com/josevalim)
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Carlos Antônio da Silva (github.com/carlosantoniodasilva)
We have a long list of valued contributors. Check them all at:
github.com/plataformatec/devise/contributors
If you discover any bugs, please create an issue on GitHub.
github.com/plataformatec/devise/issues
For support, send an e-mail to the mailing list.
groups.google.com/group/plataformatec-devise
MIT License. Copyright 2010 Plataforma Tecnologia. blog.plataformatec.com.br