Add proper OSCAR type for tropical polyhedra

[ooinaruhugh]

Polymake has support for tropical polyhedra, but what is there does not interface so nicely with OSCAR.
This PR serves to add a proper Julia type TropicalPolyhedron and provide basic functionality, to fix some design decisions about the data type.

This might also be useful in light of #3989 (review).

EDIT: I discussed this PR with @micjoswig and we came up with the following outline.

• Given a set of n points in tropical projective d-space, we want to compute the induced covector decomposition of the tropical projective space.
• For tropical polytopes with only finite coordinates, the covector decomposition yields a polyhedral subdivision of the tropical projective torus. This is implemented in polymake and should be taken from there.
• With infinite coordinates, we obtain an induced covector decomposition in each stratum (which is a tropical projective torus of suitable dimension).
• For arbitrary point sets, the cells in this decomposition might live in different strata of tropical projective space. In each stratum, this gives a polyhedral complex, which all fit together as a cell complex.
• Thus, a data type for a tropical polytope needs keep track of data (e.g. PolyhedralComplexes) for each stratum.

In terms of data types: try a map which send a set (describing the stratum) to a polyhedral complex. Beware that polyhedral complexes require the vertices to be numbered consecutively. Because each stratum only sees a subset of the given points, we need an array and a map for translating indices back and forth.

[ooinaruhugh]

@Sami-Halaseh

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 0% with 28 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 84.56%. Comparing base (d7513d4) to head (8b01da9).

Files	Patch %	Lines
src/TropicalGeometry/TropicalPolyhedron.jl	0.00%	24 Missing ⚠️
src/TropicalGeometry/semiring.jl	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #4001      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   84.59%   84.56%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         596      597       +1     
  Lines       81971    81999      +28     
==========================================
  Hits        69341    69341              
- Misses      12630    12658      +28     

Files	Coverage Δ
src/TropicalGeometry/semiring.jl	65.69% <0.00%> (-1.98%)	⬇️
src/TropicalGeometry/TropicalPolyhedron.jl	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)

[ooinaruhugh]

At the moment, questions that need to be discussed:

• How to handle the bookkeeping accross the strata? (@lkastner Might have an opinion, e.g. the question Map vs. indexing strata by bitmasks)
• Regarding the "one polyhedral complex per stratum", vertices need to be renamed. Where to do this, or how to present information on boundary cells?
• More remote question, this is also a welcome addition for polymake. Thus, implement in polymake first and then make accessible from OSCAR, or directly in OSCAR?