example1-bad shows what you might first attempt. It doesn't work because it requires more libraries than you've provided for. It's why you normally do start from a larger base docker image.
example2-good shows how you can work with nearly nothing. The executable has all the libraries it needs statically linked.
example3-awesome shows an example of a little standalone web app with embedded content. From there it's easy to see how you could expand that into a small service that did more interesting things.
https://docs.docker.com/engine/userguide/eng-image/baseimages/