Improve C-API prefix_symbol attribute macro

[Robbepop]

Follow-up for #1315.

cc @xdoardo

• Improves error handling and error reporting.
• Makes macro code more readable.
• Adds new checks to guard against misuse.
• Remove misuses for non-Wasm spec API functions.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 81.57%. Comparing base (4abde9c) to head (477d4b2).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1317      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.58%   81.57%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         306      306              
  Lines       25271    25271              
==========================================
- Hits        20617    20616       -1     
- Misses       4654     4655       +1     

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