Add check for `prefect-client` version in prefect-client workflow #17241

Job	Run time
docker, python:3.9	4m 47s
Server Tests - python:3.9, postgres:14	3m 48s
docker, python:3.10	4m 44s
docker, python:3.11	4m 28s
Server Tests - python:3.10, postgres:14	3m 48s
docker, python:3.12	5m 2s
Server Tests - python:3.11, postgres:14	3m 31s
Server Tests - python:3.12, postgres:14	3m 37s
Server Tests - python:3.9, sqlite	4m 57s
Server Tests - python:3.10, sqlite	5m 0s
Server Tests - python:3.11, sqlite	4m 51s
Server Tests - python:3.12, sqlite	5m 10s
Client Tests - python:3.9, postgres:14	5m 57s
Client Tests - python:3.10, postgres:14	5m 39s
Client Tests - python:3.11, postgres:14	5m 24s
Client Tests - python:3.12, postgres:14	5m 44s
	1h 16m 27s

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