Pathfinding꞉ BFS Algorithm

The Idea of pathfinding is simpler than it might seem.

Here's the problem: you have a starting point (e.g. a player) you know what you want to get to (e.g. a key) you don't know where it is you want the shortest path between the two there may be obstacles that must be avoided

the solution is to use an ALGORITHM (a set of steps) to find the path. the algorithm we'll be looking at is the BREADTH FIRST SEARCH (BFS) It looks like this: bfs_search

You can play the demo here

As you can see it "flood fills" the level, then returns a path. The blue tile is the starting point the orange tile is the goal the red tiles are the "closed" tiles (those that have already been checked) the green tiles are the "open" tiles (those that we're currently checking) The green tiles show the "frontier" of the algorithm. (the edge of the searched area)

NOTE if you don't care how it works, and just want to use it in your own project... then skip down to the IMPORTING AND USING BFS() section

Here's the algorithm:

label the starting point as the "current" tile
label the current tile as "closed"
label the unset tiles around "current" as "open" (Unset means we ignore "open" tiles, "closed" tiles, and walls)
set their "parent" to current
while the open list isn't empty and the goal hasn't been found do: a. cycle through the "open" tiles in the order they were logged b. label the current "open" tile as "current" (starting point is no longer the current tile) c. label the current tile as "closed" d. label the tiles around "current" as open e. set their "parent" to current f. check if the current tile is the goal
while the path_end isn't at the starting point do: a.path_end is goals "parent" tile b.log path_end into path c.path_end is path_end's own parent d.check if path_end is at the starting point

Don't worry if you don't follow this exactly...we're working towards it. Here's some visual aids: START AT THE STARTING POINT bfs1

LABEL THE SURROUNDING TILES TO OPEN bfs2

THE TILES ARE NOW CLOSED AND ARROWS DRAWN TO SHOW PARENT ASSIGNMENT bfs_parents

SEVERAL CYCLES RAN NOW bfs_parent_assignment Notice how the parent assignment works to build a path: pick anywhere in the red area... follow the arrows... you will always arrive at the start!

Here's the algorithm running in slow motion: bfs_slow

BFS in Lua

Now let's look at how we do this in TIC-80!

We'll create tables to keep track of "open" and "closed" tiles

 local open  ={start}
 local	closed={}

BFS will be a self contained function that requires no external functions. This means the few logic functions we need we will define within the main BFS() function. This makes BFS() more portable.

function bfs(a,b)
 --we will refer to the (x,y) coors by
 --number index so start[1] is start.x
 local start={a.x,a.y}
 local goal ={b.x,b.y}

 --a function to check if an item is
 --already in a given list
 function is_in(item,list)
  for i,ele in ipairs(list) do
   if ele[1]==item[1] and ele[2]==item[2] then
    return true
   end
  end
 end

 --a function to get the four adjacents
 --to "cell" and log the valid ones
 function get_adjacents(cell)
  local up   ={cell[1]  ,cell[2]-1}
  local down ={cell[1]  ,cell[2]+1}
  local left ={cell[1]-1,cell[2]  }
  local right={cell[1]+1,cell[2]  }
  local adjacents={up,down,left,right}

 --test each adjacent for validity
 for i,v in ipairs(adjacents) do
  if not is_in(v,closed) and     --the adjacent isn't already closed
     not is_in(v,open  ) and     --the adjacent isn't already open
     mget(v[1],v[2])<WALL then   --the adjacent isn't a wall

 --build the object for logging
    local z={v[1],v[2],cell}
    --log it into open
    table.insert(open,#open+1,z)
   end
  end
 end

Notice our tiles are logged with three attributes:

z={x_coor, y_coor, parent_tile}

this way we can call them like so:

z[1] -- x coordinate
z[2] -- y coordinate
z[3] -- parent tile

Now comes the BFS flood fill loop:

 ::search::
 --search as long as there's places to search
 if #open>0 then

  --since we will log the open tiles at the end of the "open" table...
  --we only need to pull the tile from the first slot

  --get the first cell out of open
  current=open[1]
  table.remove(open,1)

  --check if it's the goal
  if current[1]==goal[1] and
     current[2]==goal[2] then

  --it it is goal then log the current tile as the end of the path
  path_end=current
  --also start the pathfinding code
  mode="path"
  end

  --log its valid neighbors into open
  get_adjacents(current,open,closed)
  --log current into closed
  table.insert(closed,#closed+1,current)
 end

 --if we haven't found the goal then goto the start
 --of the search loop
 if mode=="search" then goto search end

The last step is to run the pathbuilding code

 --pathbuilding
 ::path_find::

 --log the path_end into the start of path
 --this way you log the return path in reverse so
 --it can be followed.
 table.insert(path,1,path_end)

 --check if it HASN'T reached the start
 if path_end~=start then

  --set the path_end to its own parent tile
  path_end=path_end[3] --the parent is the third element
  --continue the pathfinding code
  goto path_find
 end

 --after the goal has been found, and the path has been built...
 --return the path table.
 return path
end

IMPORTING AND USING BFS()

Here I will walk you through getting this function running in your own project.

COPY THE BFS() FUNCTION copy the following code into your project:

----------------------------------------
------BFS PATHFINDING ALGORITHM---------
----------------------------------------
function bfs(a,b)
 local start={a.x,a.y}
 local goal ={b.x,b.y}

 local open  ={start}
 local	closed={}
 local	path  ={}
 local mode="search"

 --a function to check if an item is
 --already in a given list
 function is_in(item,list)
  for i,ele in ipairs(list) do
   if ele[1]==item[1] and ele[2]==item[2] then
    return true
   end
  end
 end

 --a function to get the four adjacents
 --to "cell" and log the valid ones
 function get_adjacents(cell)
  local up   ={cell[1]  ,cell[2]-1}
  local down ={cell[1]  ,cell[2]+1}
  local left ={cell[1]-1,cell[2]  }
  local right={cell[1]+1,cell[2]  }
  local adjacents={up,down,left,right}

 --test each adjacent for validity
 for i,v in ipairs(adjacents) do
  if not is_in(v,closed) and
    not is_in(v,open  ) and
    mget(v[1],v[2])<WALL then

 --build the object for logging
    local z={v[1],v[2],cell}
    --log it into open
    table.insert(open,#open+1,z)
   end
  end
 end

 ::search::
 --search as long as there's places to search
 if #open>0 then
  --get the first cell out of open
  current=open[1]
  table.remove(open,1)

  --check if it's the goal
  if current[1]==goal[1] and
   current[2]==goal[2] then
  path_end=current
  mode="path"
  end

  --log its valid neighbors into open
  get_adjacents(current,open,closed)
  --log current into closed
  table.insert(closed,#closed+1,current)
 end

 if mode=="search" then goto search end

 --pathbuilding
 ::path_find::
 table.insert(path,#path+1,path_end)
 if path_end~=start then
  path_end=path_end[3]
  goto path_find
 end

 return path
end
----------------------------------------
--------END OF BFS ALGORITHM------------
----------------------------------------

Now you will need your objects to have their attributes like this:

--player object
p={
x=x_coor,
y=y_coor}

enemy={
    x=x_coor,
    y=y_coor}

they can have as many attributes as you want, but bfs() specifically looks for attributes labeled any_obj.x and any_obj.y

now call the function like this:

path=bfs(start_obj, goal_obj)

path will be assigned a table of the steps needed to take to get to the goal. the exact method you use to follow the path will depend on you're particular game. for this reason I'll leave that up to you.

*NOTE This is not a very efficient method for pathfinding, but is useful if you don't know the exact placement of the goal, (like in a generated level) or you want to check every possible path in a level (like for checking if every section of the level is accessible) We will go over a more efficient method in an upcoming tutorial on A...

feel free to use any portion of this code in your own projects, just give me a credit at the top of your file and we're all good!

if you have questions, or requests for future tutorials, you can email me at [email protected]

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